KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: In South Africa, prostate screening involves both Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), and is recommended in males from 40 years of age in black South African if there is family history of prostate cancer and or breast cancer in the first degree relative, and generally from 45 years onwards from all other males (The Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa; 2013).