Of further interest is (i) that microbial amyloids induce pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-17A, a driver of NF-kB signaling and cyclooxygenase-2 activation, and other potent mediators of inflammatory-responses such as IL-22 via direct TLR2 activation (Nishimori et al., 2012); and (ii) that increased levels of IL-17A and IL-22 are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases including AD (Zhang et al., 2013). Here, IL17A is linked to Alzheimer disease.