INS and Hypoglycemia: During high-frequency adrenal nerve stimulation and after intense/severe or prolonged stress such as during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, epinephrine release and de novo synthesis are elevated due to the synergistic actions of both cholinergic-nicotinic and noncholinergic receptor activation by acetylcholine and colocalized presynaptic neuropeptides (Wakade 1988; Wakade et al.