HMGB1 and cancer: Furthermore HMGB1 has been demonstrated to lead to MDSC expansion after surgical trauma in the setting of cancer [16]; however, HMGB1 has been shown to bind to and enhance the cytokine-induced effect of several inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1 [17], IL-6 [18], and TNF-α [19], which themselves have been shown to drive the expansion of MDSC [20, 21].