In the lung, increased levels of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 have been found in asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator associated lung injury [10,31–33,43–46]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A12 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.