The receptor for gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR4, regulates cell proliferation in response to cell injury through induction of cyclooxygenase 2 expression [21] in a cascade that involves activation of NF-κB and epidermal growth factor [22] suggesting that TLR4 is an important element in the transition from inflammation to neoplasia [19]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is neoplasm.