YARS2 and Down syndrome: Exceptions are the mutations in the genes for histidyl-tRNA (HARS2) and leucyl-tRNA (LARS2) synthetases that cause sensorineural hearing loss and ovarian dysgenesis (Pierce et al., 2011, 2013), for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS2) in a combination of myopathy and anemia (Riley et al., 2010), and for seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS2; Belostotsky et al., 2011) in HUPRA, for hyperuricemia, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure in infancy, and alkalosis, syndrome.