TNF and Stroke: More specifically IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, TNFα, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and IFNγ are seen to increase after stroke (Lakhan et al., 2009), IL-17, IL-23 and IFNγ being associated with exacerbation of stroke in mice (Yilmaz et al., 2006; Shichita et al., 2009), whereas IL-10 and TGFβ are protective (Spera et al., 1998; Zhu et al., 2002).