FGF23 and kidney failure: Cohort studies, for instance, have reported associations of FGF23 with left ventricular hypertrophy [44, 45], progression of kidney failure [16, 19, 20], and with several cardiovascular risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, in the general population as well as in early CKD, in the absence of clinically evident disturbances in phosphate metabolism [21, 46, 47].