Statistically significant race differences (black > white) among both male and female patients were observed for age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, dialysis, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, nonprivate payor status, year period >2001, antiplatelet agents, β-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (Tables 1 and 2). Here, ACE is linked to heart failure.