By contrast, the increases in cardiac transcripts of distinct profibrotic markers (IL1-β, TGF-β1) observed in immunisation-induced HF were reduced by ∼50% with either β1EC2-CP or bisoprolol mono-treatment, and even by >70% in the co-treatment group (indicating an synergistic anti-inflammatory effect, Fig. 3D). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.