Yet another study from 2013 once again validated the apparent exclusivity of anti-RR to IFN/RBV-treated HCV patients; in this study, anti-RR antibodies were not observed in any primary biliary cirrhosis or systemic lupus erythematosus sera, and prior treatment with IFN/RBV was the only independent predictor of anti-RR positivity in a cohort of Canadian patients (6). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.