The pro-inflammatory response to infection is further supported by the perturbation of several immunological signaling pathways including CD40 signaling (Figure 4), which is required for activation of antigen-presenting cells such as the macrophage (72, 73); IL-15 signaling, which regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the macrophage (74); and interferon signaling (75, 76). The gene discussed is CD40; the disease is infection.