TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Another human study demonstrated that OT decreases the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-4 and 6, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1a and 1b, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and endotoxemia [35].