TNF and hepatitis C virus infection: Several factors mediating the increased vascular permeability have been proposed, primarily cytokines, such as interleukins 1β, 2, 6, 8, and 12, interferons gamma and alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, but also various other factors, for example, epoprostenol, gemcitabine, hepatitis C-infections, and malignancies [8–13].