In addition, the mechanisms for nonselective (SOD and GPX; Riederer et al., 1989; Liu et al., 1994; Asanuma et al., 1998; Gonzalez-Zulueta et al., 1998) and selective (DAT and VMAT2) (Cruz-Muros et al., 2007a,b2008) DAn protection are downregulated in PD. The gene discussed is SLC6A3; the disease is Parkinson disease.