NFKB1 and renal cell carcinoma: Activated PAK1 causes NF-κB activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in epithelial cells.30 Furthermore, NF-κB mediates tumor progression and resistance to anticancer therapeutics by regulating stem-like activities.31 We speculated that NF-κB signaling might be involved in PAK1-mediated stem-like phenotype in RCC.