TRAF3 and neoplasm: As our histological analyses showed, DACE not only suppressed the progression of RAF-mediated NSCLC in c-RAF-1-BXB transgenic mice but also reduced the amount of tumor tissue (Fig. 5), which is in good accordance with our in vitro studies showing a strong anti-proliferative and apoptotic action of DACE on v-raf-transformed NIH3T3(v-RAF) cells.