TP53 and melanoma: In melanoma cells, in addition to STAT3, various transcription factors such as the p53 family, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), activating transcription factor-1/2 (ATF-1/2), cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) protein and activator protein-2α (AP-2α) directly control the expression of genes contributing to adhesion, migration, matrix degradation and cell survival [38–42].