Taken together, the results here and from PD patients formed the basis for a clinical strategy (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01882010) to target dysregulated Treg function in PD patients with GM-CSF (Leukine, sargramostim) to upregulate Treg numbers or function that will suppress neurotoxic Teff and microglial immune responses and afford a neuroprotective outcome that inhibits or slows PD progression[2, 111]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is Parkinson disease.