Immunohistochemical analysis of the previously described TMA set showed a significant upregulation of vinculin in PIN and prostate cancer compared to tumor-free tissue (P < 0.001 for tumor-free versus PIN and P < 0.001 for tumor-free versus prostate cancer patients without relapse and P = 0.013 for tumor free versus prostate cancer patients with relapse). Here, VCL is linked to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.