STAT3 and cancer: Interestingly, the ramifications of curcumin at the molecular level have also been observed in human trials on the targets described in this review, including NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2, phosphoryl kinase, prostaglandin E2, prostate-specific antigen, transforming growth factor-β, adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins, ET-1, 5-LOX, HO-1, C-reactive protein, creatinine, AST, ALT, and triglycerides [193] Numerous pilot clinical studies as well as phase I and II clinical trials of curcumin have been conducted to investigate its anti-cancer potential.