MAPK3 and cancer: Functional activation of key protein kinases, including IκB kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), all of which are involved in activating key transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1, serve as important target molecules for cancer prevention and therapy [203].