AR and Familial prostate cancer: In contrast, the top five significant upstream regulators (flufenamic acid, AR, cadmium chloride, PMEPA1, and URI1) generated, based on the 78 gene list of genes in high LD with the prostate cancer risk variants, primarily function in the androgen receptor signaling pathway and did not identify the hedgehog or Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways [15,16,29,30].