Gastric carcinoma cell lines (BGC-823, SGC-7901, MKN-28 and MKN-45) exhibited high HMGB1 levels in both the nuclei and cytoplasm, whereas gastric epithelial cells showed a reduced HMGB1 level, primarily localized to the nucleus (Fig. 2). Here, HMGB1 is linked to gastric carcinoma.