CD4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: CD4+ T cells purified from the blood of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients were skewed towards IL-17 secretion when compared with healthy controls [5, 6]; and monocytes from type 1 diabetes patients were shown to spontaneously secrete the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β that induce Th17 cells [4].