However, unlike in non-smokers and smokers, poly I:C increased the TLR3 expression in HBECs from COPD patients by almost 11-fold, that together with the basal over expression of TRIF in HBECs from COPD patient suggest a priming HBECs phenotype which may explain their higher IL-8 release. Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.