There were also some studies suggesting that TGF-β1 and its downstream Smads played a central role in parasite-induced liver fibrosis [20,30,31], for example, in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mouse, the increased expression of TGF-β1 and its receptors led to extensive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and treatment with anti-fibrotic drugs like praziquantel can reduce the concentration of TGF-β signicantly and led to an reversible liver fibrosis in S. mansoni-infected mice [32,33]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis.