However, as exemplified in neurodegenerative diseases in general, such mechanisms may initially be elicited toward restoration of neuronal resilience [28,39] as we have shown previously for AngII/AT1/Nox4-mediated neural stem cell proliferation [12], but when neuronal stress is prolonged overtime these mechanisms may lead, as our findings indicate here, to oxidative damage and loss of dopamine neurons and the frank neurological and neuropathological manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This evidence concerns the gene NOX4 and neurodegenerative disease.