Daily treatment with rapamycin (3 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection beginning at week 2 alleviated the kidney disease and significantly enhanced survival of Phb2pko animals (Fig7C and D) and reversed the hyperphosphorylation of S6RP (Supplementary Fig S8A), suggesting that at least some of the beneficial effects of insulin and IGF-1 receptor deficiency of podocytes are mediated through preventing mTOR hyperactivity. Here, INS is linked to kidney disorder.