CHRNA4 and nicotine dependence: Early work showed that the novel nAChR antagonist N,N'-dodecane-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide reduced nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced DA function and release in reward-relevant brain regions in preclinical models (Neugebauer et al., 2006; Rahman et al., 2007; Dwoskin et al., 2009), suggesting a possible drug candidate for treating nicotine addiction.