UBE2S and systemic lupus erythematosus: UBE2L3 is strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genome-wide association studies and other genetic studies,1–4 as well as multiple autoimmune diseases (Table S1).5–11 UBE2L3 is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, also known as UbcH7.