The level of Iba-I/AIF-1 normalized to OPN intensity was significantly lower in the disease groups (HIV+ ANI, 0.969 ± 0.570, p < 0.0001; HIV+ MND/HAD, 0.829 ± 0.358, p < 0.0001; ALS, 1.094 ± 0.782, p < 0.0001) compared to the normal controls (1.741 ± 1.21) (Fig. 4b). Here, SPP1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.