TNF and acute lung injury: In addition to their effects on macrophage polarisation, Tregs have been reported to play a role in modulating the alveolar inflammatory milieu following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury, in which adoptive transfer of Tregs reduced inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and IL-6[32].