TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: Impaired BMP/TGF-β signaling was found in some neurodegenerative diseases including ALS, Huntington disease, hereditary spastic paraplegias, spinal muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and Alzheimer disease.23 Familial ALS and sporadic ALS also show reduced nuclear phosphorylated Smad (pSmad) levels and pSmad aggregates in cytoplasm.24