ELF5 and in situ carcinoma: Intermediate reduction of Elf5 mRNA was detected in NMIBC and low risk UC, while highly significant loss of Elf5 mRNA expressions was observed in invasive (pT2–4, P<0.01, Fig. 1b) and high risk UC (High grade pTa, CIS and invasive UC, P<0.01, Fig. 1c), compared with NMIBC and low risk UC (low grade pTa), respectively.