IFNG and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) induces IL-32 expression in monocytes and epithelial cells, which through the activation of two key pathways, namely, NF-κB and p38 MAPK, results in the induction of an array of other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-8 and MIP-2 [5], which are involved in the disease progression in COPD patients.