INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Its potential mechanisms in mediating T2DM include pulmonary and systemic inflammation, directly releasing cytokines, alterations in glucose homeostasis through defective insulin signaling in tissues, immune cells activation in visceral adipose tissues potentiating inflammation (Sun et al. 2009; Xu et al. 2010; Yan et al. 2011), and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the lung and liver in relation with hepatocyte and alveolar cells (Liu et al. 2013; Rajagopalan and Brook 2012).