TNF and cancer: The immunohistochemical analysis of benign and malignant histological sections for TNF-α showed absent or weak (0–1) staining in nine (64.3%) benign tumors and in six (42.9%) malignant tumors, and moderate or strong (2–3) staining in five (35.7%) benign tumors and in eight (57.1%) malignant tumors.