IL1B and infection: Our data did not reveal a requirement for CARD9 signaling in IL-1β and CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 induction and in airway neutrophil recruitment within the first 10 h p.i. In contrast, we and other investigators reported Dectin-1- and CARD9-dependent defects in IL-1α/β and CXCL1 and CXCL2 production at later time points, starting at 24 h post-infection [14,23].