The top female smoking enrichment oncogenic signatures are colorectal carcinoma genes sets (KRAS.600), neoplasias of kidney (KRAS.KIDNEY), notch signaling pathway gene set (NOTCH), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), polycomb ring finger oncogene (BMI1), and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) etc. The top 50 genes/features representing oncogenic signature gene-sets over-represented in male and female smokers are displayed as a heatmap in Fig. 4 c. Here, BMI1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.