PTN is upregulated in cortex and caudate-putamen after injection of a cannabinol (Mailleux et al., 1994), and in nucleus accumbens after acute administration of amphetamine (Le Grevès, 2005); in addition, it is also highly upregulated in substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease (Marchionini et al., 2007) and treatment with L-Dopa increases PTN levels in striatum (Ferrario et al., 2004). The gene discussed is PTN; the disease is Parkinson disease.