RUNX2 and neoplasm: SAM treatment reduced the expression of genes implicated in tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and uPA. Additionally, SAM treatment also markedly reduced the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) (Fig.5A).