INS and Alzheimer disease: AβOs were found to cause internalization and cellular redistribution of insulin receptors, to block downstream hippocampal insulin signaling (De Felice et al, 2009; Ma et al, 2009; Bomfim et al, 2012) and to cause hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (Lourenco et al, 2013), establishing molecular parallels between AD and T2D.