In addition, pioneering studies have established that activation of pro-inflammatory TNF-α is a key mechanism leading to peripheral insulin resistance in diabetes (Hotamisligil & Spiegelman, 1994; Hotamisligil et al, 1996; Gregor & Hotamisligil, 2011) and that inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation prevents peripheral insulin resistance (Milanski et al, 2012). Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.