INS and Alzheimer disease: Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that diabetic patients have increased risk of developing AD (Ott et al, 1999; Sims-Robinson et al, 2010; Wang et al, 2012) and AD brains exhibit defective insulin signaling (Moloney et al, 2010; Bomfim et al, 2012; Craft, 2012; Talbot et al, 2012).