Specific aims were to evaluate: (1) event rates of HF, MI, stroke in patients treated with EBID and conventional oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) (EBID group), insulin plus OADs (insulin group), and those who changed medications between EBID and insulin or had combination of EBID and insulin during follow-up, along with OADs (EBID + insulin); (2) risks of HF, MI, stroke and combined event of MI or stroke in patients belonging to EBID and EBID + insulin groups compared to those in the insulin group, adjusting for various risk factors. Here, INS is linked to hydrops fetalis.