ERVW-1 and infection: Although induction of effective non-neutralising antibody functions (and non-Env antibodies) may be a relevant component of a protective HIV-1 vaccine and requires further research, only neutralising antibodies have been directly and clearly shown to block virus transmission - as evidenced by passive transfer of bNAb to macaques followed by protection from infection with a SHIV challenge [27], and protection from HIV-1 infection in the humanised mouse model by use of vectors expressing bNAb [28].