GPER1 and cancer: In this regard, our study and others have demonstrated that GPER is involved in multiple actions triggered by estrogenic compounds, including environmental contaminants, in a variety of cancer cells as well as in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) (Albanito et al. 2007; Lappano et al. 2010; Madeo and Maggiolini 2010; Pandey et al. 2009; Pupo et al. 2012; Vivacqua et al. 2006a, 2006b).