However, GIP administered at 4 pmol/kg/minute has substantial biological effects in both healthy individuals and patients with diabetes, consistent with the concept that this amount reflects a potent pharmacological dose [21,22,24,31,36,37] – and even at one-half the dose administered in this study (2 pmol/kg/minute) GIP accelerates gastric emptying [21], suggesting that the dose chosen was sufficient to have a pharmacological effect. This evidence concerns the gene GIP and diabetes mellitus.