Our gene expression data revealed multiple deregulated pathways in colon cancer such as cell cycle, DNA damage response, Wnt signaling, and matrix metalloproteases signaling, which is concordant with previous studies implicating these pathways in CRC.31, 32 We found that pharmacological inhibition of Wnt or TGF-β signaling impaired colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro (Figure 1c), which suggests a biological relevance for these pathways in CRC. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and malignant colon neoplasm.