TNF and prostate carcinoma: For instance, Kim et al. demonstrated that tumor-associated macrophages promote prostate cancer bone metastasis through the production of IL-6, which in turn recruits more macrophages to the tumor site that produce further TNF-α, leading to increased production of IL-6 by tumor cells.38 The role of tumor-associated macrophages in the progression of pancreatic cancer has been well documented.39 Accordingly, the biological importance and clinical relevance of the present findings warrant further in vivo evaluation.