In addition, several reports have indicated that cell surface-localized ANXA2 can bind to progastrin and gastrin-like peptides and that these proteins then activate NF-κB signaling and mediate anti-apoptotic effects in colon cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, and intestinal epithelial cells.2, 28, 29, 30 However, our data are the first to report that the intracellular ANXA2 monomer can directly regulate NF-κB signaling pathways. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and malignant colon neoplasm.