In a milestone phase III RCT of 676 patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma treated with either anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab, gp100 peptide vaccine, or combined ipilimumab plus vaccine, patients treated with either ipilimumab arm had improved overall survival (OS) compared with those treated with vaccine alone (10.0 vs. 6.4 months).13 This evidence concerns the gene PMEL and melanoma.